The present research was conducted with the aim of the relationship between social factors and family violence against children (child abuse). The used method was a survey and the data collection tool was also a questionnaire. From a total of 155 families with a history of child abuse based on the social emergency statistics of Tehran in the last 6 months of 1397, 110 families (parents with one or more children) were selected in District 9 of Tehran Municipality. The random sampling method was simple. In the present study, children under 11 years (6-11 years) were defined as the age range of children and family violence was also defined as violence applied by parents, older siblings. Research hypotheses were tested with SPSS statistical software through Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results showed that the experience of violence has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against children and family violence against children. In other results, it was found that violence-oriented mentality has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against children and family violence against children. In the continuation of the obtained results, the positive relationship of family problems with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against children and family violence against children was confirmed and it was found that gender stereotypes have a positive relationship with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against children and family violence against children. Finally, in the main hypothesis, the results showed: social factors have a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence and neglect against children and family violence against children.

This paper examines social accountability in medical education, focusing on its potential to address health inequities. Social accountability, as defined by the World Health Organization, encourages medical institutions to align education, research, and service activities with community health priorities. Through frameworks like ASPIRE and CARE, medical schools worldwide are incorporating social accountability, with notable examples such as Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM) and Patan Academy of Health Sciences serving under-resourced communities. However, challenges remain, including the absence of standardized assessment metrics, resource limitations, and varied interpretations of social accountability across regions. International efforts underscore the importance of community collaboration in developing socially accountable curricula. In India, social accountability initiatives address healthcare challenges through community placements, telemedicine, and collaborations with GLOBAL partners. The Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) model presents an opportunity to integrate social responsibility across training and patient care. Despite advancements, there is a need for adaptable frameworks and tools to measure the impact of social accountability in diverse contexts. This paper advocates for a unified yet context-sensitive approach, allowing institutions to respond effectively to local health needs while contributing to broader GLOBAL health goals. Limitations include the study’s focus on existing GLOBAL practices, without detailing novel, region-specific strategies for implementing and assessing social accountability programs.

The relationship between Historical Sociology (HS) and International Relations (IR) is one of the relatively new fields of study, which has attracted the attention of researchers and activists of both fields during the last few decades. In other words, the impact of the international environment on internal developments is the basis for the emergence of this field of study with general titles such as International Historical Sociology (IHS) or Historical Sociology of International Relations (HSIR) during the first years or decade of the current century. The theoretical research on the book “GLOBAL Historical Sociology” (GHS), raises the question of whether it is possible to know GLOBAL historical sociology as a conjuncture point between the mentioned fields of study. The authors of the book criticized this tenet as a transdisciplinary branch that includes three areas: World Sociology, Historical Sociology, and World History. The studies carried out show that ambiguity in the possibility of methodological integration of the fields of sociology and history on the one hand and neglecting the position of the state in GLOBAL transformations or its overlapping with the newly emerging field of GLOBAL Studies causes the current deficiencies in the content and methodological coherence of the book. However, the mentioned attitude can be more carefully considered and developed in the future. In this article, it will be tried to express the strengths and weaknesses of this work with a critical view.

Knowledge about future oil demand is essential for OPEC member countries to set priorities and select policies in order to achieve economic growth and development. So in this study, the OPEC oil demand has been predicted using time series models Including Structural Vector Autoregressive model (SVAR), Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model (ARIMA) and Gravitational Search Algorithm (That is one of the Innovative Search Algorithms) applying demand data from 1970 to 2014. In this regard, three criteria including Mean Sum of Squared Errors (MSSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) have been used to measure the predictive power of triple models. Results indicate that the SVAR model has the most appropriate prediction of OPEC GLOBAL demand. According to results of this model, net export variable has a positive and significant impact on oil demand and OPEC petroleum price and non-OPEC production variables have a negative and significant impact on oil demand.

Augmented Downhill Simplex Method (ADSM) is introduced here, that is a heuristic combination of Downhill Simplex Method (DSM) with Random Search algorithm. In fact, DSM is an interpretable nonlinear local optimization method. However, it is a local exploitation algorithm, so, it can be trapped in a local minimum. In contrast, random search is a GLOBAL EXPLORATION, but less efficient. Here, random search is considered as a GLOBAL EXPLORATION operator in combination with DSM as a local exploitation method. Thus, presented algorithm is a derivative-free, fast, simple and nonlinear optimization method that is easy to be implemented numerically. Efficiency and reliability of the presented algorithm are compared with several other optimization methods, namely traditional downhill simplex, random search and steepest descent. Simulations verify the merits of the proposed method.

Background: Recently, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in societies is increasing. In this study, we investigated the association between metabolic syndrome and the severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) based on the GLOBAL Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2017 (GOLD 2017) criteria for outpatients. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 96 patients with COPD to Alzahra hospital in Isfahan, Iran, during the years 2016 and 2018 were enrolled. The severity of COPD in patients was determined based on the GOLD 2017 criteria, as well as the frequency of metabolic syndrome. Other factors such as lipid profiles, anthropometric characteristics were evaluated, and the association between severity of COPD and metabolic syndrome with other variables were studied. Findings: The frequency of metabolic syndrome in patients with COPD was 86. 5%. The mean of waist circumference, fasting blood sugar (FBS), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), and triglyceride in patients with metabolic syndrome and COPD were significantly higher than patients with COPD without metabolic syndrome (P < 0. 050). Moreover, there was no significant relationship between COPD severity and metabolic syndrome (P > 0. 050). Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome was not associated with severity of COPD based on our findings, and further studies are needed.